from http://www.dreams.ca/
Dreams - Do they have Meaning?
Every person on earth dreams every night – every mammal in fact. It follows then that something extremely important must be going on while we sleep and dream, yet in the industrialized world, the majority of people pay little attention to dreams, and sometimes shortchange themselves on sleep because it is perceived as lost time, or at best unproductive.
How astonishing that we generally ignore this third (and possibly far more) of ourselves. An appropriate analogy to the grandeur of this mass misunderstanding is the incredible inertia in the middle ages against the idea of earth being other than flat until repeated point-blank evidence like Galileo’s observation of other planets and their moons and the journeys of Columbus and other explorers across the ocean proved conclusively otherwise. The challenge was that people’s everyday experience contradicted the idea of a spherical earth because nobody had yet gained perspective from outside of the system. Airplanes and especially photographs from space were not yet available, so there was little first hand evidence of a new paradigm that was quite a great leap beyond the old. Fortunately, people eventually began to come around, and the shift triggered an ensuing surge of exploration as the realization and acceptance finally dawned that our world really isn't flat after all.
Dreams, in the same way, encompass yet another entire dimension of experience, a world as yet unexplored by most, where a fascinating sphere of activity awaits investigation and possible harvest for greater fulfillment in waking life. The challenge is again the same — common daily experience for the average person offers little proof of this other reality, let alone the possible value of this other dimension of experience, unless one can gain perspective from outside the 9-to-5 work day framework and a scientific purely-objective system.
Dream related mental skills such as dream recall or dream interpretation and information on subjects such as the meaning of nightmares or precognitive dreams isn’t often taught in our schools, and the majority of our parents knew or passed on little about the value of dreams as we grew up. So it's no big surprise that many adults remember few or no dreams, and even more rarely contemplate or set out to interpret the guidance and mine the jewels of creative inspiration hidden just below the surface of consciousness in dreams. Basically, nobody told us or showed us how dreams can be extremely practical.
The result of where this long-standing trend of disregarding dreams has brought society is that the current misguided concepts about the value of dreams are not only crucial misunderstandings, but also represent and even bring about a lack of connection with the subconscious and our own deeper nature. This artificial rift may indirectly, or even rather directly be the source for many of our current personal, cultural and planetary social, political, and environmental challenges.
One solution towards rebalancing and integration on a personal and eventually a planetary level, is for each of us to realize and begin to investigate how our personal dreams, at very least, each night offer a direct means to explore inner reality and gain unique, undeniable experiences of deep personal value. Further, there is overwhelming evidence that they can be applied in many ways to improve waking life, supporting Shakespeare's age-old claim by MacBeth that sleep and dreams are the "chief nourishers in life's feast". Dreams do indeed offer opportunities for fun, adventure, wish fulfillment, creativity, deep personal insight and healing — and dreams offer all this at no cost and with no line-ups!
Thursday, May 3, 2007
Chocolate and Health, Facts and Myths
Miscellaneous Chocolate Facts...
Creative Chocolates
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Many of the old myths about chocolate and health and crumbling under the weight of scientific fact. The once-prevalent believe that something that tastes so good just can't be good for you has given way to a more balanced picture of chocolate and cocoa products and their relation to health and nutrition. Here are brief reviews of recent findings that correct common misperceptions of the effects of chocolate on health.
Myth: Confectionery is a major cause of tooth decay.
Truth: Tooth decay is primarily the result of poor oral hygiene. Dental caries (another word for cavities) are caused by any foods containing fermentable carbohydrates that are left on the teeth for too long. In fact, there are ingredients found in chocolate products that may retard the tooth decaying process.
Myth: Chocolate is high in caffeine.
Truth: The amount of caffeine in a piece of chocolate candy is significantly lower than that in coffee, tea or cola drinks. For instance, a 5 oz cup of instant coffee has between 40 and 108 mg of caffeine, while a one oz milk chocolate bar contains only 6 mg and many confectionery items have no caffeine at all.
Myth: Confectionery has a high fat content and will lead to weight gain.
Truth: "Candy, in moderation, can be part of low-fat eating. In fact, an occasional sweet treat helps you stick to a healthy eating plan." - Annette B. Natow, Ph.D., R.D., author of The Fat Counter and The Fat Attack Plan.
Cholesterol
Q. What is the level of cholesterol in a 1.65 oz. bar of milk chocolate?
A. The American Heart Association recommends that daily cholesterol intake not exceed 300 mg. A chocolate bar is actually low in cholesterol. A 1.65 oz. bar contains only 12 mg! A one oz piece of cheddar cheese contains 30 mg of cholesterol - more than double the amount found in a chocolate bar.
Sodium
Q. What is the level of sodium in a one oz milk chocolate bar?
A. According to the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences, the maximum Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for sodium is 1,100 to 3,300 mg daily. A 1.5 oz milk chocolate bar contains 41 mg, while the same size dark chocolate bar contains only 5 mg On the other hand, a 1.5 oz serving of iced devil's food cake has a whopping 241 mg - many times more than chocolate bars.
Fat
Q. How much fat is there in a 1.5 oz. chocolate bar?
A. Health professionals and nutritionists suggest that calories from fat should account for no more than 30% of your daily caloric intake. A 1.5 oz. milk chocolate bar contains 13 grams of fat; a dark chocolate bar of the same weight contains 12.
Acne: No Link to Chocolate
Over the past two decades, clinical studies have exonerated chocolate as a cause or exacerbating factor in the development or persistence of acne. In fact, many dermatologists doubt that diet plays any significant role in acne.
At the University of Missouri, student volunteers with mild to moderate acne each consumed nearly 20 ounces of chocolate over a 48 hour period. Examination of lesions on the fifth day of the test and again on the seventh day showed no new lesions other than those that might be expected based upon the usual variations the subjects had exhibited during several weeks of observation prior to the test.
In a research study at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, a group of 65 subjects were fed chocolate bars containing nearly ten times the amount of chocolate liquor as a normal 1.5 oz commercially available chocolate bar. A control group ate a bar that tasted like chocolate, but actually contained no chocolate liquor. At the conclusion of the test, the average acne condition of those eating the chocolate was virtually identical to that of the controls, who had eaten the imitation bars.
Chocolate and Allergy
It is possible for a person to be allergic to any food, including chocolate. But recent evidence suggests that allergy to chocolate may be relatively rare.
The actual incidence of allergic sensitivity to chocolate is far less common than positive reactions to skin scratch tests would seem to indicate. In at least one double-blind study to determine the correlation positive skin tests for chocolate allergy and the manifestation of clinically observable symptoms, researchers could find only one patient out of a possible 500 who showed both a positive response to the skin test and an objective clinical reaction after eating chocolate.
To confirm food allergy or food sensitivity, a "challenge" of the food in question is administered. To yield accurate results, the challenge should be conducted under double-blind conditions; that is, neither the investigator nor the patient knows in advance whether the food administered is the suspected substance or a placebo. This allows for objective evaluation of clinical symptoms.
According to S. Allan Bock, M.D., a researcher in food allergy at the National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, evaluation of hundreds of patients at that institution has shown no confirmed allergic reaction to chocolate during double-blind challenges.
Caffeine and Theobromine
Caffeine and theobromine belong to a group of substances known as methylxanthines. Caffeine occurs naturally in coffee, tea, cola and, to some degree, cocoa beans. It may also be added to cola drinks and is a component of certain over-the- counter and prescription medications. Theobromine is found in cocoa beans; tea contains trace amounts.
Caffeine
The amount of caffeine ingested when people eat chocolate in normal quantities is very small. One ounce of milk chocolate, for example, contains 6 mg of caffeine, little more than the amount found in a cup of decaffeinated coffee. Moreover, there have been no reports in the scientific literature of any health problems among children or adults as a result of the caffeine consumed in chocolate.
Theobromine
Although theobromine is chemically related to caffeine, it lacks caffeine's stimulant effect on the central nervous system (CNS). In fact, theobromine is virtually inert as a CNS stimulant.
Despite the weakness of theobromine's effect on the brain, many people have mistakenly assumed that it is effective in warding off fatigue and sleep, especially when it is consumed in combination with caffeine, as in chocolate.
To test this assumption, researchers compared the effect of caffeine, theobromine and a placebo in a clinical study. They found that theobromine administered in a dose of 500 mg (the amount of theobromine in approximately 11 oz of milk chocolate consumed in one sitting) did not increase pulse rate significantly more than the placebo. Caffeine, when compared to theobromine and the placebo, produced significant CNS stimulation.
In a double-blind clinical study, subjects ingested measured quantities of caffeine and theobromine, separately and together, at random. Caffeine altered the subjects' own estimates of the time it took to fall asleep, as well as the soundness of sleep, in a dose-dependent fashion. A dose of 300 mg. of theobromine, however, had no detectable effect on sleep. When administered in combination with caffeine, theobromine neither increased nor decreased the sleep effects of caffeine.
Dental Caries
Tooth decay has become less of a problem for American children over the last 25 years. Between 1960 and 1980 the incidence of cavities dropped by 50%. Today, one-third of all Americans of college age have never had a single cavity, thanks largely to fluoride delivered in water systems, toothpastes and professional fluoride treatments.
Fluoride, good oral hygiene, and professional check-ups and prophylactic treatments are keys to minimizing the incidence of tooth decay. Diet is another factor.
It is widely accepted that all foods containing "fermentable carbohydrate" have the potential to contribute to caries formation. Fermentable carbohydrate is present in most starches and all sugars, including those that occur naturally in foods and those added in processed foods. The frequency and duration of tooth exposure to fermentable carbohydrate have been identified as a factor in caries.
Although chocolate contains fermentable carbohydrates, a number of dental research studies suggest that chocolate may be less apt to promote tooth decay than has been traditionally believed.
Research at the Forsyth Dental Center in Boston has shown that chocolate has the ability to offset the acid-producing potential of the sugar it contains. Acid, produced by certain oral bacteria that digest, or "ferment", sugars, may damage tooth enamel and cause decay.
Other theories have been advanced to explain the fact that chocolate appears to be less cariogenic (cavity-producing) than its fermentable carbohydrate content would seem to indicate. In a study conducted at the Eastman Dental Center, certain chocolate products tested were found to be among the snack foods contributing least to tooth decay. The researchers reported that milk chocolate's protein, calcium and phosphate content may provide protective effects on tooth enamel. In addition, because of its natural fat content, chocolate clears the mouth relatively faster than other confections; this is important because the time fermentable carbohydrate remains n contact with tooth surfaces has a bearing on the food's cariogenic potential.
Weight Control
Contrary to popular stereotype, most overweight people do not eat excessive amounts of cake, cookies, confections or other foods containing sugar. Their sugar intake tends, in fact, to be below average.
More important in controlling weight is the total number of calories consumed each day and the amount of energy expended in physical activity. Overweight children, for example, are generally less active than those of normal weight; thus, they may remain obese even when their caloric intake is reasonable or even limited.
Moreover, many people overestimate the calories in chocolate. A 1.5 oz milk chocolate bar contains approximately 220 calories, low enough to incorporate into a weight control diet. The occasional chocolate confection may also reduce the possibility of severe bingeing, which can occur as a result of feeling deprived of highly satisfying foods such as chocolate.
From Chocolate Facts on Health and Nutrition for Educators and Health Professionals, published by the Chocolate Manufacturers Association, and The Sweet Truth About Confectionery, published by the National Confectioners Association.
Creative Chocolates
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Many of the old myths about chocolate and health and crumbling under the weight of scientific fact. The once-prevalent believe that something that tastes so good just can't be good for you has given way to a more balanced picture of chocolate and cocoa products and their relation to health and nutrition. Here are brief reviews of recent findings that correct common misperceptions of the effects of chocolate on health.
Myth: Confectionery is a major cause of tooth decay.
Truth: Tooth decay is primarily the result of poor oral hygiene. Dental caries (another word for cavities) are caused by any foods containing fermentable carbohydrates that are left on the teeth for too long. In fact, there are ingredients found in chocolate products that may retard the tooth decaying process.
Myth: Chocolate is high in caffeine.
Truth: The amount of caffeine in a piece of chocolate candy is significantly lower than that in coffee, tea or cola drinks. For instance, a 5 oz cup of instant coffee has between 40 and 108 mg of caffeine, while a one oz milk chocolate bar contains only 6 mg and many confectionery items have no caffeine at all.
Myth: Confectionery has a high fat content and will lead to weight gain.
Truth: "Candy, in moderation, can be part of low-fat eating. In fact, an occasional sweet treat helps you stick to a healthy eating plan." - Annette B. Natow, Ph.D., R.D., author of The Fat Counter and The Fat Attack Plan.
Cholesterol
Q. What is the level of cholesterol in a 1.65 oz. bar of milk chocolate?
A. The American Heart Association recommends that daily cholesterol intake not exceed 300 mg. A chocolate bar is actually low in cholesterol. A 1.65 oz. bar contains only 12 mg! A one oz piece of cheddar cheese contains 30 mg of cholesterol - more than double the amount found in a chocolate bar.
Sodium
Q. What is the level of sodium in a one oz milk chocolate bar?
A. According to the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences, the maximum Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for sodium is 1,100 to 3,300 mg daily. A 1.5 oz milk chocolate bar contains 41 mg, while the same size dark chocolate bar contains only 5 mg On the other hand, a 1.5 oz serving of iced devil's food cake has a whopping 241 mg - many times more than chocolate bars.
Fat
Q. How much fat is there in a 1.5 oz. chocolate bar?
A. Health professionals and nutritionists suggest that calories from fat should account for no more than 30% of your daily caloric intake. A 1.5 oz. milk chocolate bar contains 13 grams of fat; a dark chocolate bar of the same weight contains 12.
Acne: No Link to Chocolate
Over the past two decades, clinical studies have exonerated chocolate as a cause or exacerbating factor in the development or persistence of acne. In fact, many dermatologists doubt that diet plays any significant role in acne.
At the University of Missouri, student volunteers with mild to moderate acne each consumed nearly 20 ounces of chocolate over a 48 hour period. Examination of lesions on the fifth day of the test and again on the seventh day showed no new lesions other than those that might be expected based upon the usual variations the subjects had exhibited during several weeks of observation prior to the test.
In a research study at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, a group of 65 subjects were fed chocolate bars containing nearly ten times the amount of chocolate liquor as a normal 1.5 oz commercially available chocolate bar. A control group ate a bar that tasted like chocolate, but actually contained no chocolate liquor. At the conclusion of the test, the average acne condition of those eating the chocolate was virtually identical to that of the controls, who had eaten the imitation bars.
Chocolate and Allergy
It is possible for a person to be allergic to any food, including chocolate. But recent evidence suggests that allergy to chocolate may be relatively rare.
The actual incidence of allergic sensitivity to chocolate is far less common than positive reactions to skin scratch tests would seem to indicate. In at least one double-blind study to determine the correlation positive skin tests for chocolate allergy and the manifestation of clinically observable symptoms, researchers could find only one patient out of a possible 500 who showed both a positive response to the skin test and an objective clinical reaction after eating chocolate.
To confirm food allergy or food sensitivity, a "challenge" of the food in question is administered. To yield accurate results, the challenge should be conducted under double-blind conditions; that is, neither the investigator nor the patient knows in advance whether the food administered is the suspected substance or a placebo. This allows for objective evaluation of clinical symptoms.
According to S. Allan Bock, M.D., a researcher in food allergy at the National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, evaluation of hundreds of patients at that institution has shown no confirmed allergic reaction to chocolate during double-blind challenges.
Caffeine and Theobromine
Caffeine and theobromine belong to a group of substances known as methylxanthines. Caffeine occurs naturally in coffee, tea, cola and, to some degree, cocoa beans. It may also be added to cola drinks and is a component of certain over-the- counter and prescription medications. Theobromine is found in cocoa beans; tea contains trace amounts.
Caffeine
The amount of caffeine ingested when people eat chocolate in normal quantities is very small. One ounce of milk chocolate, for example, contains 6 mg of caffeine, little more than the amount found in a cup of decaffeinated coffee. Moreover, there have been no reports in the scientific literature of any health problems among children or adults as a result of the caffeine consumed in chocolate.
Theobromine
Although theobromine is chemically related to caffeine, it lacks caffeine's stimulant effect on the central nervous system (CNS). In fact, theobromine is virtually inert as a CNS stimulant.
Despite the weakness of theobromine's effect on the brain, many people have mistakenly assumed that it is effective in warding off fatigue and sleep, especially when it is consumed in combination with caffeine, as in chocolate.
To test this assumption, researchers compared the effect of caffeine, theobromine and a placebo in a clinical study. They found that theobromine administered in a dose of 500 mg (the amount of theobromine in approximately 11 oz of milk chocolate consumed in one sitting) did not increase pulse rate significantly more than the placebo. Caffeine, when compared to theobromine and the placebo, produced significant CNS stimulation.
In a double-blind clinical study, subjects ingested measured quantities of caffeine and theobromine, separately and together, at random. Caffeine altered the subjects' own estimates of the time it took to fall asleep, as well as the soundness of sleep, in a dose-dependent fashion. A dose of 300 mg. of theobromine, however, had no detectable effect on sleep. When administered in combination with caffeine, theobromine neither increased nor decreased the sleep effects of caffeine.
Dental Caries
Tooth decay has become less of a problem for American children over the last 25 years. Between 1960 and 1980 the incidence of cavities dropped by 50%. Today, one-third of all Americans of college age have never had a single cavity, thanks largely to fluoride delivered in water systems, toothpastes and professional fluoride treatments.
Fluoride, good oral hygiene, and professional check-ups and prophylactic treatments are keys to minimizing the incidence of tooth decay. Diet is another factor.
It is widely accepted that all foods containing "fermentable carbohydrate" have the potential to contribute to caries formation. Fermentable carbohydrate is present in most starches and all sugars, including those that occur naturally in foods and those added in processed foods. The frequency and duration of tooth exposure to fermentable carbohydrate have been identified as a factor in caries.
Although chocolate contains fermentable carbohydrates, a number of dental research studies suggest that chocolate may be less apt to promote tooth decay than has been traditionally believed.
Research at the Forsyth Dental Center in Boston has shown that chocolate has the ability to offset the acid-producing potential of the sugar it contains. Acid, produced by certain oral bacteria that digest, or "ferment", sugars, may damage tooth enamel and cause decay.
Other theories have been advanced to explain the fact that chocolate appears to be less cariogenic (cavity-producing) than its fermentable carbohydrate content would seem to indicate. In a study conducted at the Eastman Dental Center, certain chocolate products tested were found to be among the snack foods contributing least to tooth decay. The researchers reported that milk chocolate's protein, calcium and phosphate content may provide protective effects on tooth enamel. In addition, because of its natural fat content, chocolate clears the mouth relatively faster than other confections; this is important because the time fermentable carbohydrate remains n contact with tooth surfaces has a bearing on the food's cariogenic potential.
Weight Control
Contrary to popular stereotype, most overweight people do not eat excessive amounts of cake, cookies, confections or other foods containing sugar. Their sugar intake tends, in fact, to be below average.
More important in controlling weight is the total number of calories consumed each day and the amount of energy expended in physical activity. Overweight children, for example, are generally less active than those of normal weight; thus, they may remain obese even when their caloric intake is reasonable or even limited.
Moreover, many people overestimate the calories in chocolate. A 1.5 oz milk chocolate bar contains approximately 220 calories, low enough to incorporate into a weight control diet. The occasional chocolate confection may also reduce the possibility of severe bingeing, which can occur as a result of feeling deprived of highly satisfying foods such as chocolate.
From Chocolate Facts on Health and Nutrition for Educators and Health Professionals, published by the Chocolate Manufacturers Association, and The Sweet Truth About Confectionery, published by the National Confectioners Association.
Thursday, March 15, 2007
Homophones/Homonyms
From: http://www.basic-learning.com/wbwt/homophones-or-homonyms.htm
ale - ail
currant - current
knows - nose
scene - seen
all - awl
cymbal - symbol
lain - lane
sea - see
allowed - aloud
dear - deer
lead - led
seam - seem
altar - alter
degrees - degrease
lessen - lesson
seine -sane
ant - aunt
desert - dessert
lie - lye
sent - scent -cent
arc - ark
dew - due - do
load - lode
sew - sow - so
ascent - assent
die - dye
loan - lone
sheer - shear
assistance - assistants
done - dun
made - maid
shone - shown
ate - eight
dough - doe
mail - male
shoot - chute
aught - ought
duel - dual
main-mane- Maine
side - sighed
bail - bale
earn - urn
manner - manor
sight - site - cite
bait - bate
eye - I
mantel - mantle
slay - sleigh
ball - bawl
fair - fare
maze - maize
sleight - slight
band - banned
faint - feint
meat - meet
slew -slue -slough
bare - bear
feat - feet
medal - meddle
soar - sore
base - bass
fined - find
might - mite
sole - soul
be - bee
fir - fur
miner - minor
some - sum
beach - beech
flea - flee
mist - missed
son - sun
beat - beet
flew - flue - flu
moan - mown
stake - steak
beau - bow
flour - flower
morn - mourn
stair - stare
been - bin
fore - four - for
muscle - mussel
stationary - stationery
bell - belle
formal, former
nap - knap
staid - stayed
berry - bury
fourth - forth
night - knight
steal - steel
berth - birth
foul - fowl
none - nun
stile - style
bier - beer
freeze - frieze
not - knot
straight - strait
billed - build
gait - gate
one -won
suite - sweet
blew - blue
gamble - gambol
pail - pale - pal
tail - tale
boar - bore
great - grate
passed - past
team - teem
board - bored
groan - grown
pause - paws
their -there- they're
born - borne
guaranty - guarantee
pair - pear - pare
there's - theirs
bough - bow
guest - guessed
peace - piece
threw - through
boulder, bolder
guilt - gilt
peal - peel
throne - thrown
brake - break
hair - hare
peer - pier
tide - tied
bread - bred
hall - haul
plain - plane
to - too - two
bridal - bridle
hale - hail
pore - pour - poor
toe - tow
buy - by
hart - heart
praise -prays
vail - veil - vale
cannon - canon
heal - heel
pray - prey
vain - vane - vein
canvas - canvass
hear - here
pride - pried
vary - very
capital - capitol
heard - herd
principal - principle
vial - vile
carrot - carat - caret
heir - air
profit - prophet
vice - vise
cast - caste
hew - hue
rain - rein - reign
wade - weighed
caught - cot
high - hi
raise - raze - rays
wail - whale
cede - seed
higher - hire
rap -wrap
waist - waste
ceiling - sealing
him - hymn
read -reed
wait - weight
cell - sell
hoard, horde
read - red
ware - wear - where
cellar - seller
hoarse - horse
real - reel
wave - waive
cent - sent- scent
hoes - hose
respectively - respectfully
way - weigh
cereal - serial
hole - whole
rest -wrest
weather - whether
choir - quire
holy-wholly-holey
rhyme - rime
week - weak
chord - cord
hour - our
right-write-wright-rite
which - witch
clause - claws
I'll - owl
ring - wring
whine - wine
climb - clime
idol - idle
road-rode-rowed
whole - hole
clothes - close
in - inn
role - roll
who's - whose
coarse - course
incite - insight
root - route
wood - would
complement - compliment
jam - jamb
rose - rows
wrote - rote
cord - chord
kernel - colonel
rough - ruff
yoke - yolk
core - corps
knead - need
rye - wry
you'll - yule
council - counsel
knew - new
rhyme - rime
your - you're
creak - creek
know - no
sail - sale
ale - ail
currant - current
knows - nose
scene - seen
all - awl
cymbal - symbol
lain - lane
sea - see
allowed - aloud
dear - deer
lead - led
seam - seem
altar - alter
degrees - degrease
lessen - lesson
seine -sane
ant - aunt
desert - dessert
lie - lye
sent - scent -cent
arc - ark
dew - due - do
load - lode
sew - sow - so
ascent - assent
die - dye
loan - lone
sheer - shear
assistance - assistants
done - dun
made - maid
shone - shown
ate - eight
dough - doe
mail - male
shoot - chute
aught - ought
duel - dual
main-mane- Maine
side - sighed
bail - bale
earn - urn
manner - manor
sight - site - cite
bait - bate
eye - I
mantel - mantle
slay - sleigh
ball - bawl
fair - fare
maze - maize
sleight - slight
band - banned
faint - feint
meat - meet
slew -slue -slough
bare - bear
feat - feet
medal - meddle
soar - sore
base - bass
fined - find
might - mite
sole - soul
be - bee
fir - fur
miner - minor
some - sum
beach - beech
flea - flee
mist - missed
son - sun
beat - beet
flew - flue - flu
moan - mown
stake - steak
beau - bow
flour - flower
morn - mourn
stair - stare
been - bin
fore - four - for
muscle - mussel
stationary - stationery
bell - belle
formal, former
nap - knap
staid - stayed
berry - bury
fourth - forth
night - knight
steal - steel
berth - birth
foul - fowl
none - nun
stile - style
bier - beer
freeze - frieze
not - knot
straight - strait
billed - build
gait - gate
one -won
suite - sweet
blew - blue
gamble - gambol
pail - pale - pal
tail - tale
boar - bore
great - grate
passed - past
team - teem
board - bored
groan - grown
pause - paws
their -there- they're
born - borne
guaranty - guarantee
pair - pear - pare
there's - theirs
bough - bow
guest - guessed
peace - piece
threw - through
boulder, bolder
guilt - gilt
peal - peel
throne - thrown
brake - break
hair - hare
peer - pier
tide - tied
bread - bred
hall - haul
plain - plane
to - too - two
bridal - bridle
hale - hail
pore - pour - poor
toe - tow
buy - by
hart - heart
praise -prays
vail - veil - vale
cannon - canon
heal - heel
pray - prey
vain - vane - vein
canvas - canvass
hear - here
pride - pried
vary - very
capital - capitol
heard - herd
principal - principle
vial - vile
carrot - carat - caret
heir - air
profit - prophet
vice - vise
cast - caste
hew - hue
rain - rein - reign
wade - weighed
caught - cot
high - hi
raise - raze - rays
wail - whale
cede - seed
higher - hire
rap -wrap
waist - waste
ceiling - sealing
him - hymn
read -reed
wait - weight
cell - sell
hoard, horde
read - red
ware - wear - where
cellar - seller
hoarse - horse
real - reel
wave - waive
cent - sent- scent
hoes - hose
respectively - respectfully
way - weigh
cereal - serial
hole - whole
rest -wrest
weather - whether
choir - quire
holy-wholly-holey
rhyme - rime
week - weak
chord - cord
hour - our
right-write-wright-rite
which - witch
clause - claws
I'll - owl
ring - wring
whine - wine
climb - clime
idol - idle
road-rode-rowed
whole - hole
clothes - close
in - inn
role - roll
who's - whose
coarse - course
incite - insight
root - route
wood - would
complement - compliment
jam - jamb
rose - rows
wrote - rote
cord - chord
kernel - colonel
rough - ruff
yoke - yolk
core - corps
knead - need
rye - wry
you'll - yule
council - counsel
knew - new
rhyme - rime
your - you're
creak - creek
know - no
sail - sale
Thursday, March 8, 2007
Outer Space Reading Vocabulary Study
Space Vocabulary List & Definitions
| eclipse | at a particular observation point, the blocking of light from one celestial body by another, such as the eclipse of the sun by the interposition of the moon, or the eclipse of the moon by the earth's coming between the sun and moon. |
| galaxy | a system of billions of stars and other matter held relatively close to each other by gravity and separated from other such systems by vast distances. |
| gravity | the force by which a planet or other such body tends to draw objects toward its center. |
| asteroid | any of thousands of celestial bodies with diameters between one and five hundred miles that revolve around the sun in orbits located mostly between those of Jupiter and Mars; planetoid. |
| meteor | a small mass, speck, or remnant of matter traveling through space or falling to earth, or the fiery streak in the sky made by the friction of its passage through the earth's atmosphere; meteorite or meteoroid. |
| meteorite | a mass of stone or metal falling to earth from outer space; meteoroid. |
| moon | any planet's natural satellite. |
| orbit | the curved path in which a planet, satellite, or spacecraft revolves about another body. |
| planet | a large, nonluminous celestial body, esp. one of the nine in the solar system, that revolves around a star and often has one or more satellites. |
| satellite | a heavenly body that revolves around a planet or other larger body; moon. |
| black hole | a hypothetical region or body in space, possibly the remnants of a collapsed star, with such a strong gravitational pull that neither light nor matter can escape. |
| zenith | the point in the sky that is directly over the head of the observer. |
| comet | a heavenly body orbiting the sun, and having a nucleus surrounded by a nebulous sheath that may form an elongated tail when the body comes close to the sun. |
| constellation | any of eighty-eight groupings or patterns of stars named after the animals, objects, or mythological characters they are thought to resemble. |
Monday, February 19, 2007
Wednesday, February 7, 2007
Spelling and Pronunciation
| Spelling Rules | |
| syllables | Every syllable has one vowel sound. |
| c | C can be prounced as /k/ or /s/. |
| c | C is pronounced as /s/ before an e, i, or y (cent, city, cycle). |
| c | It is pronounced as /k/ before everything else (cat, clip). |
| g | G is pronounced as /g/ or /j/. |
| g | G may be pronounced as /j/ before an e, i, or y (gem, giant, gym). |
| g | It is pronounced as /g/ before everything else (garden, glad). |
| q | Q is always followed by a u (queen). |
| f, l,s | Double the consonants f, l, and s at the end of a one-syllable word that has just one vowel (stiff, spell, pass). |
| k | To spell the sound of /k/ at the end of a word, we use ck or k. Use ck after a short vowel (sick). After everything else, use a k (milk). |
| a,e,o,u | A, e, o, and u usually say their name at the end of a syllable (a-pron, me, go, u-nit). |
| v, j | Words do not end in v or j. We add a silent-e at the end of the word (have). |
| I,o | I and o may be pronounced as /i/ and /o/ before two consonants (kind, sold). |
| j | /J/ is spelled dge after a short vowel (edge). |
Wednesday, January 31, 2007
SQ4R Method
| S | Survey | |
| Q | Questions | |
| 4R | Read | Read the text. Use a pencil or pen to mark the text (Do not use a highlight marker!). Underline, star, or flag vocabulary words or ideas that you think are important. |
| Respond | As you read, try to find the answers to the questions you asked. Remember, as you read, you might ask more questions. Be sure to write your answers in the margins. | |
| Review | When you finish reading, review the written text. Can you answer the questions that you asked? Do you understand everything about the written text? If the author(s) were sitting next to you, what other questions would you ask? | |
| Reflect | Close the text. Think about what your have read. Discuss the main points with someone. Do you agree or disagree with the author(s)? What surprised you about the written text? What did you find to be interesting? What did you find to be confusing? What did you learn? | |
Parts of Speech
n. (noun) - a name word; name of a person, place, thing, or idea
pn. (pronoun) - a word used in place of a noun
vb.(verb) - word for an action or state of being
adj. (adjective) - a describing word
adv. (adverb) - aa modigying word
prep. (preposition) - a word used to show a relation
intj. (interjection) - an interrupting word
conj. (conjunction) - a combining word
HAVE you ever heard anyone say, “I feel badly”? Of course you have, because almost everyone seems to have the mistaken idea that “I feel bad” is awkward and inelegant. In order to understand why “I feel bad” is correct, we must understand the difference between adjectives and adverbs.
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
As you recall, an adjective can modify either a noun or a pronoun; whereas an adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. The following chart of a sentence will enable you to fix these facts in mind. As you study the plan, remember that the subject and the object must always be nouns or other parts of speech used as nouns.
Two Positions of the Adjective
Few of us have any difficulty in identifying an adjective when it is close to the noun it modifies. In each of the four sentences at the top of Page 4, the adjective immediately precedes the noun it modifies.
pn. (pronoun) - a word used in place of a noun
vb.(verb) - word for an action or state of being
adj. (adjective) - a describing word
adv. (adverb) - aa modigying word
prep. (preposition) - a word used to show a relation
intj. (interjection) - an interrupting word
conj. (conjunction) - a combining word
HAVE you ever heard anyone say, “I feel badly”? Of course you have, because almost everyone seems to have the mistaken idea that “I feel bad” is awkward and inelegant. In order to understand why “I feel bad” is correct, we must understand the difference between adjectives and adverbs.
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
As you recall, an adjective can modify either a noun or a pronoun; whereas an adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. The following chart of a sentence will enable you to fix these facts in mind. As you study the plan, remember that the subject and the object must always be nouns or other parts of speech used as nouns.
| THE SENTENCE PLAN | ||
| Subject | Verb | Object |
| Adjective | Adverb | Adjective |
| Adverb | Adverb | Adverb |
Two Positions of the Adjective
Few of us have any difficulty in identifying an adjective when it is close to the noun it modifies. In each of the four sentences at the top of Page 4, the adjective immediately precedes the noun it modifies.
Why English is Baffling
| 1 | The bandage was wound around the wound. |
| 2 | The farm was used to produce produce. |
| 3 | The dump was so full that it had to refuse more refuse. |
| 4 | We must polish the Polish furniture. |
| 5 | He could lead if he would get the lead out. |
| 6 | The soldier decided to desert his dessert in the desert. |
| 7 | Since there is no time like the present, he thought it was time to present the present. |
| 8 | A bass was painted on the head of the bass drum. |
| 9 | When shot at, the dove dove into the bushes. |
| 10 | I did not object to the object. |
| 11 | The insurance was invalid for the invalid. |
| 12 | There was a row among the oarsmen about how to row. |
| 13 | They were too close to the door to close it. |
| 14 | The buck does funny things when the does are present. |
| 15 | A seamstress and a sewer fell down into a sewer line. |
| 16 | To help with planting, the farmer taught his sow to sow. |
| 17 | The wind was too strong to wind the sail. |
| 18 | After a number of injections my jaw got number. |
| 19 | Upon seeing the tear in the painting I shed a tear. |
| 20 | I had to subject the subject to a series of tests. |
| 21 | How can I intimate this to my most intimate friend? |
Reading Strategies
Reading Strategies
1. Learn to read actively.
2. Understand the vocabulary in context
3. Look for basic structures in what you read
4. Make inferences
5. Appreciate the writer's craft: intros, conclusions, signal words, type of support, patterns of organization, tone, purpose, audience, signal words (connectors, time words, transitions)
6. Learn to outline or map and summarize
7. Discuss your ideas
1. Learn to read actively.
2. Understand the vocabulary in context
3. Look for basic structures in what you read
4. Make inferences
5. Appreciate the writer's craft: intros, conclusions, signal words, type of support, patterns of organization, tone, purpose, audience, signal words (connectors, time words, transitions)
6. Learn to outline or map and summarize
7. Discuss your ideas
Reading Comprehension Tips from How to be a Successful Student
How to Improve Reading Comprehension
Key Point
Good reading means building frameworks for connecting words to thoughts.
The Purpose of Reading.
The purpose of reading is to connect the ideas on the page to what you already know. If you don't know anything about a subject, then pouring words of text into your mind is like pouring water into your hand. You don't retain much. For example, try reading these numbers:
7516324 This is hard to read and remember.
751-6324 This is easier because of chunking.
123-4567 This is easy to read because of prior knowledge and structure.
Similarly, if you like sports, then reading the sports page is easy. You have a framework in your mind for reading, understanding and storing information.
Improving Comprehension.
Reading comprehension requires motivation, mental frameworks for holding ideas, concentration and good study techniques. Here are some suggestions.
Develop a broad background.
Broaden your background knowledge by reading newspapers, magazines and books. Become interested in world events.
Know the structure of paragraphs.
Good writers construct paragraphs that have a beginning, middle and end. Often, the first sentence will give an overview that helps provide a framework for adding details. Also, look for transitional words, phrases or paragraphs that change the topic.
Identify the type of reasoning.
Does the author use cause and effect reasoning, hypothesis, model building, induction or deduction, systems thinking? See section 20 for more examples on critical thinking skills.
Anticipate and predict.
Really smart readers try to anticipate the author and predict future ideas and questions. If you're right, this reinforces your understanding. If you're wrong, you make adjustments quicker.
Look for the method of organization.
Is the material organized chronologically, serially, logically, functionally, spatially or hierarchical? See section 10 for more examples on organization.
Create motivation and interest.
Preview material, ask questions, discuss ideas with classmates. The stronger your interest, the greater your comprehension.
Pay attention to supporting cues.
Study pictures, graphs and headings. Read the first and last paragraph in a chapter, or the first sentence in each section.
Highlight, summarize and review.
Just reading a book once is not enough. To develop a deeper understanding, you have to highlight, summarize and review important ideas.
Build a good vocabulary.
For most educated people, this is a lifetime project. The best way to improve your vocabulary is to use a dictionary regularly. You might carry around a pocket dictionary and use it to look up new words. Or, you can keep a list of words to look up at the end of the day. Concentrate on roots, prefixes and endings.
Use a systematic reading technique like SQR3.
Develop a systematic reading style, like the SQR3 method and make adjustments to it, depending on priorities and purpose. The SQR3 steps include Survey, Question, Read, Recite and Review. See Section 14 for more details.
Monitor effectiveness.
Good readers monitor their attention, concentration and effectiveness. They quickly recognize if they've missed an idea and backup to reread it.
Should You Vocalize Words?
Yes, although it is faster to form words in your mind rather than on your lips or throat. Eye motion is also important. Frequent backtracking slows you down considerably.
Copyright 1991 Donald Martin, How to be a Successful Student
Thursday, January 18, 2007
Wednesday, January 17, 2007
Where do you stand
FEET: What do I stand for as a foundation of reading comprehension?
STOMACH: What upsets me about reading comprehension?
HEART: What do I love about reading comprehension?
HANDS: What do I feel about reading comprehension?
EARS: What do I hear about reading comprehension?
EYES: What do I see about reading comprehension?
BRAIN: What do I think about reading comprehension?
STOMACH: What upsets me about reading comprehension?
HEART: What do I love about reading comprehension?
HANDS: What do I feel about reading comprehension?
EARS: What do I hear about reading comprehension?
EYES: What do I see about reading comprehension?
BRAIN: What do I think about reading comprehension?
Saturday, January 13, 2007
Friday, January 12, 2007
Syllabus
IEP Reading Comprehension is an intensive English course focusing on reading skills development.
Required text:
Richards, Jack C. and Samuela Eckstut-Didier. Strategic Reading 1: Building Effective Reading Skills. Los Angeles, CA: Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN: 0521555809.
Required text:
Richards, Jack C. and Samuela Eckstut-Didier. Strategic Reading 1: Building Effective Reading Skills. Los Angeles, CA: Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN: 0521555809.
| Week | Date | Unit | Topic |
| 1 | 1/18/2007 | 1 | Music |
| 2 | 1/25/2007 | 2 | Money |
| 3 | 2/1/2007 | 3 | Work |
| 4 | 2/8/2007 | 4 | Sports |
| 5 | 2/15/2007 | 5 | Weather |
| 6 | 2/22/2007 | 6 | Clothes |
| 7 | 3/1/2007 | 7 | Culture |
| 8 | 3/8/2007 | 8 | Outer space |
| 9 | 3/15/2007 | 9 | Animals |
| 3/22/2007 | Spring Recess | ||
| 10 | 3/29/2007 | 10 | Travel |
| 11 | 4/5/2007 | 11 | The Internet |
| 12 | 4/12/2007 | 12 | Friends |
| 13 | 4/19/2007 | 13 | Gifts |
| 14 | 4/26/2007 | 14 | Emotions |
| 15 | 5/3/2007 | 15 | Food; Sleep and dreams |
| 16 | 5/10/2007 | 16 | Post Tests |
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